With the growing incidence of fragility fractures in Europe andNorth America over the last three decades, bone loss and osteoporosishave become active areas of research in skeletal biology. Bone loss isassociated with aging in both sexes and is accelerated in women withthe onset of menopause. However, bone loss is related to a suite ofcomplex and often synergistically related factors including genetics, pathology, nutrition, mechanical usage, and lifestyle. It is notsurprising that its incidence and severity vary among populations.Each chapter highlights the multifaceted nature of bone loss andfragility. Several underlying themes are common between the chapters, particularly the value of biocultural an evolutionary perspectives inthe study of bone loss and fragility. The contributors come from avariety of fields, and this volume is intended for diverse audienceincluding physical anthropologists, osteologists, bioengineers, andclinicians in sub-disciplines such as rheumatology, orthopedics, andgeneral medicine.